No need for a TL;DR, the last paragraph is the most important one.
I feel like it has more to do with the symbolism of the moon than the actual physical implications of the moon itself. The sun is viewed as, like, a purgative thing that banishes or at least reveals the truth of evil or magic and shit, which is why sunlight harms vampires but moonlight and warmth doesn't. You could argue it's the UV Light that makes sunlight different from moonlight if you're an early 2000s movie doing an edgy 'scientific' take.
Of course, the obvious issue with that is that's kind of boring on its own, and it's obviously a magical thing anyway since UV Light doesn't make regular corpses burst into flames, and lightbulbs that don't give off UV also don't cause werewolves to transform. Unless it's like a super subtle medical effect, (Wear these special sunglasses while you're on the computer. Studies show that the harmful amounts of blue light cause werewolf transformations 50% more often over a period of just 6 months!) which is only gonna be fun if you're Terry Pratchett.
So, the real question we have to answer is, what makes a full moon any different from other phases of the moon? If we're going by the logic that night is full of darkness, evil, and terrors, surely the new moon would be when werewolves transform? We can assume a few possible reasons.
1. Wolves are traditionally assumed to howl at the moon, so if a dude had a wolf inside him, it would be brought out when the moon's just so big that he can't help but howl at it.
2. The moon, like the sun, illuminates dirty evil night-time deeds, but, unlike 'universal' light, not the people who do them. Vampires can't stand the sun because they're evil all the time, but werewolves can because they're only wolves some of the time.
3. Werewolves are analogous to serial killers, who want to make a statement or a spectacle, so their violent half chooses the brightest night to unleash their gory rage.
If any one of these are true, a Werewolf would transform in space at any point when the ship is lit by the reflection of the sun, but not directly by it in any capacity. Depending on how fast the ship is orbiting and where it is in relation to the sun, he could be a wolf for anywhere from a few minutes to a few years (or whenever the natural "time limit" for being a wolf ends in your story) and might not even finish his transformation before the sun comes around again.
It's arguable that if he was ON the moon, he wold never transform, because he's always in direct sunlight whenever the moon is full. Or, the moonlight might be strong enough to beat out the sun, but it's only a "full" moon when he's right in the middle of the space where the sun is hitting, like we are when the moon is full, meaning he'll transform if he rides a moon buggy into the wrong longitude no matter what the lunar phase is on earth.
But, humans only tend to be able to be on the moon during Lunar Dawn, since it doesn't have an atmosphere to protect it from the sun or to keep its own heat in either, so the surface of the moon goes from 127 degrees farenheit to -127 and it generally isn't a fun time. Since Werewolves are portrayed as hyper-regenerative or otherwise just super-hard to kill, maybe the most METAL answer would be that on the moon, they would be perma-wolves (since the moon's always full somewhere) and they live in a sort of frozen stasis for however long it takes for the sun to come back around and turn them into unstoppable killing machines of flaming fur and boiling flesh-... Oh hey look, we suddenly have an interesting concept without actually changing anything, what gives?